Cell therapy: what it can and cannot do
“Cell therapy” is a broad term that is often used imprecisely. Understanding what product is being offered, where it comes from, and what evidence supports it is essential before making a decision.
Dr. Gustavo Álvarez7 min readSeptember 28, 2026Not every biologic is a stem cell treatment
PRP, bone marrow concentrates, microfragmented adipose tissue, umbilical cord products, and exosomes are not equivalent. They differ in composition, regulation, preparation, and level of evidence.
In orthopaedics, some procedures use the patient’s own tissue processed during the same visit. Automatically calling them “stem cell treatments” can create expectations that science does not yet support.
What these therapies aim to do
In selected patients, the goal is generally to influence the inflammatory environment, reduce symptoms, or support the conditions for repair. The clinical goal should be concrete: less pain, better function, or support during recovery.
Whether they may be considered depends on the injury, its stage, the patient’s overall health, and available alternatives. They do not replace an orthopaedic evaluation or a properly designed rehabilitation program.
What has not been proven
It is not possible to promise that a cell injection will rebuild a worn joint, form normal cartilage, or eliminate the need for surgery in every case. Pain relief alone does not prove that tissue has regenerated.
Be cautious with products whose origin, processing, or composition is not clearly explained, and with claims that guarantee results or offer the same product for many unrelated diseases.
How to assess a proposal
Before accepting a procedure, patients should know the exact name of the product, whether it comes from their own body or a donor, how it is processed, its risks, and what studies support its use for their diagnosis.
- Ask for a diagnosis and a measurable goal.
- Discuss nonsurgical and surgical alternatives.
- Confirm who prepares and administers the product.
- Request a follow-up and rehabilitation plan.
- Avoid decisions based only on testimonials or advertising.
Reasons to pause and ask more
- You are promised complete regeneration or a guaranteed cure.
- The provider cannot tell you exactly what substance you will receive.
- The same product is offered for many diseases without explaining differences.
- You are pressured to pay before your studies and alternatives are reviewed.
- There is no clear follow-up plan after the procedure.
This article is educational and does not replace a medical evaluation. Evidence and regulation vary among cell products; every proposal should be reviewed individually.